RDS-1:2026 — Revex Standard for Dry Ice Blasting Operations

First Edition, 2026

Published by Revex Engineered Revenue LLC, Newark, Delaware, United States of America.

Prepared under the direction of Joseph DiMartino, Founder, Revex Engineered Revenue LLC.

© 2026 Revex Engineered Revenue LLC. This document is published free of charge. It may be reproduced and distributed in unmodified form with attribution. Certification against this standard is administered exclusively by the publisher under the Revex Certified program.

Document history

How to cite this standard

Revex Engineered Revenue LLC. RDS-1:2026 — Revex Standard for Dry Ice Blasting Operations, First Edition. Newark, DE, 2026.

Contents

Foreword · Introduction · 1 Scope and Purpose · 2 References · 3 Terms and Definitions · 4 Principles of the Process · 5 Personnel Certification Levels · 6 Safety Requirements · 7 Equipment and Compressed-Air System Requirements · 8 Media Requirements · 9 Operational Requirements · 10 Specialized Environment Requirements · 11 Regulatory Interface Requirements · 12 Documentation System Requirements · 13 Certification Scheme Governance · Annex A (normative) Examination Blueprints · Annex B (informative) Competency Matrix · Annex C (informative) Bibliography and Reference Citations · Annex D (informative) Terms Cross-Reference

Foreword

Dry ice blasting has been in commercial use for decades. It cleans production equipment without water, solvents, or secondary abrasive media, and is established in food processing, power generation, plastics, printing, fire and mold restoration, and general industrial maintenance.

Through all of that growth, the industry has operated without a published standard. Training has historically been delivered with equipment purchases, varies by manufacturer and employer, follows no common body of knowledge, and produces no credential that a facility owner, general contractor, or insurer can independently verify. Until the publication of this document, no industry-wide, machine-agnostic standard of operations for dry ice blasting personnel existed.

RDS-1:2026 exists to close that gap. It defines a common vocabulary, a technical account of the process on which its requirements rest, a baseline of auditable safety and operational requirements, normative minimums for the specialized environments in which the process is most demanding, and a three-level personnel certification structure with public verification. It is deliberately machine-agnostic: it applies to any dry ice blasting system, from any manufacturer, in any facility.

This document was prepared by the publisher and is maintained under the revision process described in this Foreword. It is published free of charge so that it can be read, cited in bids and contracts, and adopted without barrier. Certification against it is administered by the publisher through controlled online examination and a public registry.

This is the First Edition. The publisher intends to revise this standard as industry practice, regulation, and field experience warrant. Comments on this edition may be submitted to the publisher and will be considered in the preparation of subsequent editions.

Annex A is normative. Annexes B, C, and D are informative.

This standard is a voluntary consensus of good practice as assessed by its publisher. It is not a statute or regulation, and compliance with it does not relieve any person of any legal duty. The publisher does not certify, warrant, or guarantee any work performed by any person, whether or not that person holds a certification issued under this standard.

Introduction

0.1 The need for a standard. Dry ice blasting occupies an unusual position among industrial cleaning methods. Its consumable is a cryogenic solid that converts itself continuously into a gas that is toxic at concentrations far below those at which it displaces oxygen. Its removal action combines three distinct physical mechanisms whose relative contributions change with every contaminant–substrate pairing. It is performed inside operating food plants, on energized-adjacent electrical equipment, aboard vessels, inside process units during turnarounds, and on irreplaceable historic fabric. Yet, before this document, a person could purchase equipment and begin contracting this work the same week, with no examinable body of knowledge, no common vocabulary, and no credential any second party could verify. The consequences are predictable and observable: uneven safety practice, unverifiable training claims, and procurement decisions made without a reference.

0.2 Approach of this standard. This standard is built on five principles. First, it is machine-agnostic: nothing in it depends on any manufacturer's equipment, and it never names one. Second, it is verification-first: its certifications are knowledge credentials examined under controlled conditions and checkable by anyone in a public registry; the standard states plainly what such a credential does and does not attest. Third, it defers to law: it supplements, and never substitutes for, regulatory duties, and it says so explicitly wherever confusion would be dangerous (see Clause 11). Fourth, it is proportionate: requirements scale with hazard, and the heaviest obligations attach to the atmospheric hazard, which is the process's singular life-safety exposure. Fifth, it is auditable: every requirement is written so that a second party can determine, from records and observation, whether it was met.

0.3 Users of this document. Operators and technicians use Clauses 4 through 9 as the body of knowledge governing daily work, and Clause 10 where they enter specialized environments. Employers use Clauses 6 through 12 as the baseline for their own programs, and Clause 11 to situate this standard correctly among their legal duties. Facility owners, general contractors, and specifiers cite the standard in bids and contracts and verify personnel against the registry described in Clause 13. Candidates for certification are examined against the blueprints in Annex A; the competency progression across the three levels is summarized in Annex B.

1 Scope and Purpose

1.1 Scope

1.1.1 This standard specifies requirements for the safe and professional conduct of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) blasting operations, including personnel knowledge requirements, atmospheric and site safety controls, equipment and compressed-air system condition, blast media handling, operational procedures, specialized-environment minimums, regulatory interface duties, and documentation.

1.1.2 This standard applies to dry ice blasting performed with any make or model of blasting equipment, including single-hose and two-hose systems, and with any solid carbon dioxide media form, including pellets, microparticles, and shaved block.

1.1.3 This standard applies to dry ice blasting performed as a contracted service, as in-house maintenance, or in any other commercial or industrial context.

1.1.4 This standard does not cover the design or manufacture of blasting equipment, the production of carbon dioxide, or blasting processes that use media other than solid carbon dioxide. Where dry ice blasting is combined with another process (for example, abrasive-entrained dry ice blasting), the requirements of this standard apply to the dry ice blasting elements of the work, and the additional hazards of the combined process shall be addressed in the hazard assessment required by Clause 9.

1.2 Purpose

1.2.1 The purpose of this standard is to establish a common, auditable baseline for dry ice blasting operations so that operators, employers, facility owners, and other interested parties can specify, perform, and verify work against a published reference.

1.2.2 This standard defines the body of knowledge against which the personnel certifications of Clause 5 are examined, under the governance of Clause 13 and the blueprints of Annex A.

1.3 Application

1.3.1 A person, employer, or work activity conforms to this standard only when all applicable requirements expressed with "shall" are met.

1.3.2 Where a requirement of this standard conflicts with an applicable law or regulation, the law or regulation governs, and the more protective provision should be followed where the law permits.

1.3.3 Where this standard states a numerical limit taken from a regulation, and the regulation is subsequently amended, the amended regulatory value governs from its effective date.

1.4 Relationship to legal requirements

1.4.1 This standard supplements, and shall never be treated as replacing, the duties of employers and workers under applicable law, including occupational safety and health regulations, environmental regulations, food and drug regulations, and transportation regulations.

1.4.2 Regulatory citations in this standard refer to United States federal requirements as of the date of publication. Operations outside United States federal OSHA jurisdiction shall identify and comply with the equivalent requirements of the applicable jurisdiction, including any state plan requirements that are more stringent.

1.4.3 Conformity to this standard does not by itself constitute compliance with any law, and certification under this standard does not by itself satisfy any employer training duty, including site-specific and equipment-specific training required by applicable regulations. Clause 11 states the boundaries between this standard's credentials and specific regulatory training regimes.

1.5 Nature of certification under this standard

1.5.1 Certification under this standard is a knowledge-based credential. It attests that the certificant passed a controlled examination on the body of knowledge defined by this standard at the level indicated.

1.5.2 Certification under this standard does not attest to hands-on proficiency, supervised field hours, or the quality of any particular work product, and shall not be represented as doing so.

1.6 Verbal forms and interpretation

1.6.1 In this standard: "shall" indicates a requirement; "should" indicates a recommendation; "may" indicates a permission. "NOTE" paragraphs are informative and contain no requirements.

1.6.2 Clause headings are for convenience and do not limit the requirements beneath them. Where two requirements of this standard both apply, both shall be met; where they specify different values for the same parameter, the more protective value applies.

2 References

2.1 Application of references

2.1.1 The regulatory documents listed in 2.2 are binding law within their jurisdiction, independent of this standard. The current text of each regulation governs.

2.1.2 The documents listed in 2.3 are informative. They are cited to identify recognized good practice and are not made mandatory by this standard except where a specific requirement of this standard says otherwise.

2.1.3 Full bibliographic citations for every document referenced in this standard are given in Annex C. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document applies.

2.2 Regulatory references (United States)

• Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, section 5(a)(1) — the General Duty Clause (29 U.S.C. 654(a)(1))
• 29 CFR 1910.95 — Occupational noise exposure
• 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I — Personal protective equipment, including 1910.132 (general requirements), 1910.133 (eye and face protection), 1910.134 (respiratory protection), 1910.135 (head protection), and 1910.138 (hand protection)
• 29 CFR 1910.119 — Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals
• 29 CFR 1910.120 — Hazardous waste operations and emergency response
• 29 CFR 1910.146 — Permit-required confined spaces
• 29 CFR 1910.147 — The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout)
• 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1 — Air contaminants (permissible exposure limits, including carbon dioxide)
• 29 CFR 1910.1001 and 29 CFR 1926.1101 — Asbestos (general industry; construction)
• 29 CFR 1910.1025 and 29 CFR 1926.62 — Lead (general industry; construction)
• 29 CFR 1910.28 — Duty to have fall protection and falling object protection (general industry)
• 29 CFR 1926.501 — Duty to have fall protection (construction)
• 29 CFR Part 1915, Subpart B — Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment
• 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E — Residential Property Renovation (the Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting rule)
• 36 CFR Part 68 — The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties
• 21 CFR Part 117 — Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food
• 49 CFR 173.217 — Carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice); and IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations provisions applicable to UN 1845

2.3 Industry and consensus references (informative)

• CGA G-6 — Carbon Dioxide (Compressed Gas Association)
• CGA G-6.2 — Commodity Specification for Carbon Dioxide (Compressed Gas Association)
• ACGIH — Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs)
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• NFPA 70E — Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace
• NFPA 306 — Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels
• ISO 8573-1 — Compressed air — Part 1: Contaminants and purity classes
• ISO/IEC 17024 — Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons
• ANSI/ISEA Z87.1 — American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices
• ANSI/IICRC S520 — Standard for Professional Mold Remediation
• ANSI/IICRC S700 — Standard for Professional Fire and Smoke Damage Restoration
• National Park Service, Preservation Brief 6 — Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Buildings
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency — Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks

3 Terms and Definitions

For the purposes of this standard, the following terms and definitions apply.

3.1 appeal — a written request by a candidate or certificant for reconsideration of an adverse decision of the certifying body, processed under 13.7.

3.2 applicator — the hand-held device (blast gun) from which the media-laden air stream is discharged, including its trigger or other operator-presence control.

3.3 blast machine — the equipment that meters solid carbon dioxide media into a compressed-air stream for delivery to the applicator.

3.4 blast pressure — the air pressure setting at which the blast machine delivers the media-laden stream, as indicated at the machine.

3.5 blast zone — the area around the point of work within which a person could be struck by the blast stream, ricochet, or ejected debris, or exposed to the noise and atmospheric hazards of blasting, as established by the hazard assessment.

3.6 certificant — a person holding a current certification issued under this standard.

3.7 certification scheme — the set of certification levels, bodies of knowledge, examination blueprints, and governance rules defined by Clause 5, Clause 13, and Annex A.

3.8 certifying body — the publisher of this standard acting in its capacity as administrator of the certification scheme.

3.9 complaint — an expression of dissatisfaction, other than an appeal, made to the certifying body relating to the conduct of a certificant or to the scheme, processed under 13.8.

3.10 containment — the physical measures used to intercept, collect, and control contaminant removed from the substrate and any material entrained in the blast stream.

3.11 contract employer — an employer whose employees perform work at a host employer's facility.

3.12 direct-reading instrument — a portable instrument that measures and displays the concentration of a specific gas in real time.

3.13 dry ice — carbon dioxide in solid form. At atmospheric pressure, dry ice sublimates at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F).

3.14 dwell time — the length of time the blast stream remains on a given point or area of the substrate.

3.15 enclosed area — a workspace that is substantially bounded by walls, ceiling, or grade such that gas exchange with the general atmosphere is restricted, but that is not necessarily a confined space as defined by regulation.

3.16 examination domain — a defined subject area of an examination blueprint from which a fixed number of questions is drawn on every attempt (Annex A).

3.17 feed rate — the rate at which the blast machine meters media into the air stream, typically expressed as mass per unit time.

3.18 host employer — the employer in operational control of the facility or site at which the work is performed.

3.19 item bank — the secured pool of examination questions from which each examination attempt is drawn.

3.20 media — the solid carbon dioxide consumed in blasting, in any form.

3.21 microparticles — solid carbon dioxide media reduced to sub-pellet particle sizes, produced by shaving or fragmenting larger forms, used for lower-impact cleaning.

3.22 nozzle — the terminal component of the applicator that shapes and accelerates the media-laden stream.

3.23 pellets — extruded cylindrical solid carbon dioxide media, the most common media form for general blasting.

3.24 pressure dew point — the temperature at which water vapor in compressed air begins to condense at the operating pressure of the system.

3.25 qualified person (electrical) — a person meeting the applicable regulatory and employer requirements to work on or near exposed energized electrical conductors or circuit parts. This standard does not itself qualify any person for electrical work.

3.26 single-hose system — a blasting system in which media and compressed air travel together in one hose from the machine to the applicator.

3.27 specialized environment — a category of work setting for which Clause 10 states requirements supplementary to Clauses 6 through 9.

3.28 standoff distance — the distance between the nozzle exit and the substrate surface.

3.29 sublimation — the phase change of a substance directly from solid to gas without passing through a liquid phase. Solid carbon dioxide expands on the order of 500 to 800 times in volume when it sublimates, depending on temperature and media density (see 4.1).

3.30 test spot — a small, representative, low-consequence area of the substrate blasted at conservative parameters to verify cleaning effect and substrate tolerance before production blasting.

3.31 traverse rate — the speed at which the operator moves the blast stream across the substrate.

3.32 turnaround — a planned, schedule-compressed outage of a process facility during which maintenance, inspection, and cleaning work is concentrated.

3.33 two-hose system — a blasting system in which media and the primary air supply travel in separate hoses and combine at or near the applicator.

4 Principles of the Process

4.1 Phase behavior of carbon dioxide

4.1.1 Every dry ice blasting operation shall be planned on the basis of the phase behavior described in this subclause: the media is a cryogenic solid that converts continuously and irreversibly to carbon dioxide gas, at the point of work, in storage, and in transit.

NOTE 1 — Carbon dioxide's triple point lies at approximately 5.11 atm and −56.6 °C. Because the triple-point pressure is far above atmospheric pressure, liquid carbon dioxide cannot exist at atmospheric pressure; the solid passes directly to gas. This is why the process leaves no liquid effluent: the only liquids present after blasting are condensed atmospheric moisture and whatever the contaminant itself contributes.

NOTE 2 — At atmospheric pressure the solid–gas transition occurs at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F). Fully dense solid carbon dioxide has a density of approximately 1,562 kg/m³; manufactured media, being compacted rather than monolithic, is somewhat less dense, and media density varies by production method.

NOTE 3 — The expansion figure in 3.29 follows from these properties. One kilogram of solid carbon dioxide occupies roughly 0.64 L; as gas at atmospheric pressure it occupies several hundred liters, the exact figure depending on the temperature at which the gas volume is evaluated — smallest at the sublimation temperature, largest at ambient temperature. Evaluated across that span, and accounting for media density, the volumetric expansion falls in the range of approximately 500 to 800 times. The safety consequence is stated in 6.1: blasting is a continuous gas generator, and the gas is hazardous in its own right.

4.2 Removal mechanisms

4.2.1 General. Dry ice blasting removes contaminant through three concurrent mechanisms: kinetic energy transfer, thermal effect, and sublimation gas expansion. Personnel certified under this standard shall be able to identify all three mechanisms and their operational consequences, and parameter selection under 9.2 and 9.3 shall be informed by which mechanisms dominate for the contaminant and substrate at hand.

4.2.2 Kinetic energy transfer. Media particles are accelerated by the compressed-air stream through the nozzle — in many systems through a converging-diverging section that accelerates the flow to high subsonic or supersonic velocity — and deliver their kinetic energy to the contaminant on impact. Because the kinetic energy of a particle is proportional to its mass and to the square of its velocity, velocity is the dominant operational lever: changes in blast pressure and nozzle selection, which govern particle velocity, change impact energy far more strongly than changes in feed rate, which govern only how many particles arrive.

NOTE — Solid carbon dioxide is a soft solid, approximately 1.5 to 2 on the Mohs scale. The process therefore relies on velocity, not media hardness, for its mechanical action, and is far less abrasive to most substrates than mineral blasting media. It is not non-abrasive: at sufficient pressure and dwell, soft substrates (wood, soft plastics, coatings intended to remain) are erodible, which is one reason the test spot of 9.2 is mandatory.

4.2.3 Thermal effect. The impinging media chills the contaminant layer rapidly and locally. Two consequences follow. First, differential thermal contraction: the contaminant and the substrate have different coefficients of thermal expansion and different temperatures through the event, so the interface between them is placed in shear, weakening adhesion. Second, embrittlement: many polymeric and elastomeric contaminants pass toward or below their glass-transition behavior when chilled, losing ductility, so that impacts which a compliant film would absorb instead fracture it. The thermal effect is most pronounced on thick, brittle, or poorly adhered contaminants over conductive substrates.

NOTE — The same physics creates the process's principal substrate risks: thermal distortion of thin sections, cracking of brittle materials such as glass and some ceramics, and condensation on chilled surfaces after blasting stops. These risks are addressed operationally in 9.2 and 9.3.

4.2.4 Sublimation gas expansion. On impact, media fragments and part of the media sublimes — at the impact point and within the crack networks and pores that the first two mechanisms open. The resulting gas expansion, on the order stated in 3.29, does mechanical work inside and beneath the fractured contaminant, lifting it from the substrate. This mechanism completes the removal that impact and embrittlement begin, and it is the reason the process can flush contaminant out of textured and fissured surfaces that purely mechanical methods leave loaded.

4.2.5 Relative contribution. The balance among the three mechanisms varies with the contaminant's thickness, brittleness, and adhesion; with the substrate's conductivity and mass; and with media form, particle size, velocity, and flux. No single parameter set is correct for all work. The test-spot protocol of 9.2 exists to establish the correct balance empirically before production blasting.

4.3 Process consequences that drive the requirements of this standard

4.3.1 The following inherent characteristics of the process shall be treated as always present, and the corresponding clauses of this standard apply to every operation:

a) the process generates carbon dioxide gas continuously, during blasting and from stored media — Clause 6.1; b) the media, the freshly blasted surface, and chilled equipment are cryogenic contact hazards — Clause 6.4; c) the air jet and impact noise make blasting a high-noise operation — Clause 6.3; d) the flow of media and air through hoses and the impact on the workpiece generate static electricity — Clause 6.5; e) the process removes contaminant but does not destroy it; the contaminant persists as settled debris, airborne particulate, or both — Clause 9.4; f) the process consumes no secondary blast media, so the waste stream is the contaminant itself plus containment materials — Clause 9.4; g) the process delivers reaction force to the operator and drag and weight through charged hoses — Clauses 6.8 and 6.5.

5 Personnel Certification Levels

5.1 Structure

5.1.1 This standard defines three sequential personnel certification levels:

• DIB-1 — Certified Dry Ice Blasting Technician
• DIB-2 — Certified Advanced Technician — Specialized Environments
• DIB-3 — Master Dry Ice Blasting Professional

5.1.2 Each level shall be awarded only on passing the corresponding examination described in Clause 13 and specified in Annex A.

5.1.3 Each certification identifies the certificant by name, carries a unique certificate identifier, an issue date, and an expiration date, and is verifiable in the public registry maintained by the certifying body.

5.2 DIB-1 — Certified Dry Ice Blasting Technician

5.2.1 DIB-1 attests knowledge sufficient to plan, perform, and troubleshoot dry ice blasting work as a technician under an employer's supervision and safety program.

5.2.2 The DIB-1 body of knowledge comprises fourteen domains: the science of dry ice blasting (Clause 4: carbon dioxide phase behavior and the three removal mechanisms); dry ice as a material (sourcing, storage, sublimation loss, cryogenic contact hazards, food-grade considerations); equipment and air systems; atmospheric life safety (carbon dioxide exposure control, monitoring, ventilation — Clause 6.1); site and personal life safety (PPE, noise, static electricity, hose management, energy isolation, work near energized equipment, elevated work — Clauses 6.2 through 6.8); operating technique (startup, shutdown, parameter selection, standoff, angle, traverse, test spots, substrate risk); applications and limits of the process; this standard and professional conduct; application engineering fundamentals (matching contaminant, substrate, and parameters); the contaminant-substrate matrix; air systems engineering and troubleshooting; machine maintenance and diagnostics; production rates, job mathematics, and planning; and general industry safety essentials aligned to the topic areas of the OSHA 10-hour general industry outreach curriculum (see 11.3 for the limits of that alignment).

5.3 DIB-2 — Certified Advanced Technician — Specialized Environments

5.3.1 DIB-2 attests knowledge sufficient to plan and perform dry ice blasting in the specialized environments of Clause 10, where the process meets its most demanding settings and its least forgiving failure modes.

5.3.2 The DIB-2 body of knowledge comprises eight domains: food, beverage, and pharmaceutical environments; electrical systems and disaster restoration (fire, smoke, and mold); containment, waste, and environmental duty; job safety analyses, carbon dioxide monitoring plans, and safety documentation; marine and transportation environments; power generation and utilities; industrial shutdowns and turnarounds; and historic and architectural restoration.

5.4 DIB-3 — Master Dry Ice Blasting Professional

5.4.1 DIB-3 attests knowledge sufficient to own the commercial, safety, and regulatory outcomes of a dry ice blasting operation.

5.4.2 The DIB-3 body of knowledge comprises ten domains: scoping and site assessment; estimating and bidding; safety program ownership; building, training, and evaluating crews; fleet and equipment economics; specification writing and the incorporation of this standard into client maintenance programs and bid documents; general industry safety mastery aligned to the topic areas of the OSHA 10-hour general industry outreach curriculum; hazardous waste operations awareness aligned to the subject matter of 29 CFR 1910.120 (see 11.3 for the limits of both alignments); air quality districts and environmental compliance; and regulatory readiness, inspections, and audits.

5.5 Prerequisites and sequence

5.5.1 DIB-2 candidacy shall require an active DIB-1 certification. DIB-3 candidacy shall require an active DIB-2 certification.

5.5.2 A lapsed prerequisite certification shall be renewed before the dependent certification may be issued or renewed.

5.6 What certification does and does not attest

5.6.1 A certification issued under this standard attests only what is stated in 1.5.1 at the level held.

5.6.2 A certificant shall not represent a personnel certification under this standard as a certification of a company, a product, a machine, or a completed job, and shall not represent it as attesting field hours or hands-on competence.

5.6.3 A certificant shall not represent any certification under this standard as a regulatory credential of any kind. The specific prohibitions of 11.2 apply.

6 Safety Requirements

6.1 Atmosphere and carbon dioxide exposure control

6.1.1 Hazard character. Carbon dioxide gas is colorless and odorless, is approximately 1.5 times denser than air, accumulates in low-lying and poorly ventilated spaces, and is both an asphyxiant by oxygen displacement and independently toxic at elevated concentrations. Every operation shall be planned on the basis that blasting continuously converts media to carbon dioxide gas at the point of work, and that stored media generates carbon dioxide gas continuously by sublimation (4.1, 4.3.1 a)).

6.1.2 Physiological basis. Carbon dioxide shall be treated as a toxic gas in its own right, not merely as a displacer of oxygen. Personnel certified under this standard shall know that carbon dioxide is physiologically active — it is the body's own respiratory stimulus, and inhaled excess drives blood chemistry toward acidosis — and that serious effects occur at concentrations that leave the oxygen fraction of the atmosphere essentially normal.

NOTE 1 — Ordinary outdoor air contains roughly 0.04 percent carbon dioxide. The occupational limits of 6.1.3 sit at 0.5 percent (8-hour) and 3 percent (15-minute); 4 percent is treated as immediately dangerous to life or health. Published federal assessments of acute exposure report: at 4 to 7 percent, headache, hearing and visual disturbances, and labored breathing; at 7 to 10 percent, unconsciousness within minutes to an hour; at 10 to 15 percent, unconsciousness within several minutes with severe muscle twitching; at 17 percent and above, loss of consciousness, convulsions, coma, and death within a minute (see Annex C: EPA, 2000; NIOSH Pocket Guide).

NOTE 2 — The arithmetic of dilution explains why oxygen measurement cannot protect against this hazard. Adding 4 percent carbon dioxide to normal air — the IDLH concentration — dilutes oxygen from 20.9 percent only to approximately 20.1 percent, far above the 19.5 percent threshold at which an oxygen meter alarms. A person can therefore be within minutes of unconsciousness in an atmosphere an oxygen meter reports as normal. Only direct measurement of carbon dioxide detects this condition; this is the basis of 6.1.5.2.

6.1.3 Exposure limits. Worker exposure to carbon dioxide shall not exceed 5,000 ppm as an 8-hour time-weighted average, the OSHA permissible exposure limit under 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1. Exposure shall additionally be controlled against a short-term limit of 30,000 ppm (15-minute), consistent with the NIOSH recommended exposure limit and the ACGIH TLV-STEL. A concentration of 40,000 ppm or more shall be treated as immediately dangerous to life or health (NIOSH IDLH), requiring immediate evacuation.

6.1.4 Atmospheric assessment. The pre-job hazard assessment (9.1) shall classify the workspace as open, enclosed, or confined with respect to carbon dioxide accumulation. Indoor, below-grade, and poorly ventilated workspaces shall be treated as accumulation-prone until assessment demonstrates otherwise.

6.1.5 Monitoring.

6.1.5.1 Continuous direct-reading carbon dioxide monitoring shall be used whenever blasting is performed in an enclosed area, a below-grade area, or any workspace where the assessment identifies a potential for carbon dioxide accumulation, and whenever bulk media is staged in an enclosed occupied space.

6.1.5.2 Monitoring for the carbon dioxide hazard shall be performed with instruments that measure carbon dioxide specifically. An oxygen meter shall not be used as a substitute for carbon dioxide measurement (see 6.1.2, NOTE 2).

NOTE — Direct-reading carbon dioxide instruments in occupational use typically employ infrared absorption sensing. The sensing technology is not specified by this standard; the specificity to carbon dioxide is.

6.1.5.3 Monitors shall be maintained, calibrated, and function-checked in accordance with the monitor manufacturer's instructions, and shall be positioned to represent the operator's breathing zone and, where practicable, low points where gas accumulates.

6.1.5.4 Monitor alarm setpoints shall be established no higher than the limits in 6.1.3, and workers shall be trained in the meaning of and required response to each alarm.

6.1.6 Ventilation. Where monitoring or assessment indicates that carbon dioxide could exceed the limits in 6.1.3, mechanical ventilation shall be provided and shall be arranged with regard to the density of the gas, including exhaust from low points where practicable. Blasting shall not proceed where required ventilation is not operating.

6.1.7 Low-lying spaces. Pits, sumps, trenches, basements, tank and vessel bottoms, and similar low or bounded volumes in or near the blast zone shall be identified in the hazard assessment as carbon dioxide accumulation zones. Entry into such a zone during or after blasting shall not occur until the atmosphere has been tested and found within the limits of 6.1.3 and applicable oxygen limits.

6.1.8 Confined spaces.

6.1.8.1 Work in confined spaces shall comply with 29 CFR 1910.146. Dry ice blasting inside a confined space, or the staging of media within one, shall be treated as capable of creating a hazardous atmosphere, and the space shall be evaluated for reclassification as a permit-required confined space on that basis.

6.1.8.2 Where atmospheric testing of a confined space is required, it shall be performed with a calibrated direct-reading instrument, testing first for oxygen, then for flammable gases and vapors, then for potential toxic air contaminants including carbon dioxide. An atmosphere below 19.5 percent oxygen by volume shall be treated as oxygen deficient; above 23.5 percent, as oxygen enriched.

NOTE — Elevated carbon dioxide is hazardous in its own right, not only through oxygen displacement. An oxygen reading within normal range does not demonstrate that carbon dioxide is within the limits of 6.1.3; only direct measurement of carbon dioxide does.

6.1.9 Alarm response and rescue discipline. On any carbon dioxide alarm, or on symptoms consistent with carbon dioxide exposure (headache, rapid breathing, dizziness, confusion), blasting shall stop and affected persons shall leave the affected space. Re-entry shall not occur until measured concentrations are within the limits of 6.1.3. No person shall enter a space to assist a downed or distressed person until the atmosphere has been verified safe or the entrant is protected by equipment and procedures adequate for an atmosphere presumed hazardous; where the space is a permit-required confined space, rescue shall proceed only under the rescue provisions of the governing permit program.

NOTE — In asphyxiation incidents generally, would-be rescuers who enter unprotected become casualties with grim regularity. The gas that felled the first person is still there.

6.2 Personal protective equipment

6.2.1 PPE shall be selected on the basis of a documented hazard assessment in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.132, and used, maintained, and replaced in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I.

6.2.2 During active blasting, the operator shall use, as a minimum: eye protection complying with 29 CFR 1910.133 (ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-rated), with a face shield over safety glasses or goggles where the assessment identifies ricochet or debris ejection toward the face; hearing protection in accordance with 6.3; gloves appropriate to both cryogenic contact and the mechanical hazards of the work, in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.138; and body covering that leaves no exposed skin in the path of ricochet or cold media.

6.2.3 All other persons inside the blast zone during blasting shall use eye and hearing protection meeting the same criteria.

6.2.4 Head protection complying with 29 CFR 1910.135 shall be used where overhead hazards exist. Protective footwear shall be used where the assessment identifies struck-by or crush hazards.

6.2.5 Respiratory protection shall be provided and used in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.134, including medical evaluation and fit testing, where the hazard assessment identifies an inhalation hazard from the contaminant being removed or made airborne by blasting.

NOTE — Respirators are a control for airborne contaminant, not for carbon dioxide accumulation. Air-purifying respirators do not protect against an oxygen-deficient or carbon-dioxide-enriched atmosphere; those atmospheres are controlled under 6.1.

6.3 Noise

6.3.1 Dry ice blasting shall be treated as a high-noise operation. Reported levels range from approximately 85 dBA at low blast pressures to more than 120 dBA at high pressures, varying with pressure, nozzle, standoff, and the acoustic environment.

NOTE — The dominant sources are the high-velocity air jet itself and impact noise re-radiated by the workpiece; hard, reverberant spaces and resonant structures (tanks, ducts, machine enclosures) raise exposure at the operator's ear above what the same equipment produces in the open.

6.3.2 Employers shall evaluate operator noise exposure under 29 CFR 1910.95. Where exposure equals or exceeds the action level of 85 dBA as an 8-hour time-weighted average, the employer's hearing conservation program obligations apply; exposures above the 90 dBA permissible exposure limit shall be reduced by feasible administrative or engineering controls, with hearing protection used as required.

6.3.3 In the absence of a job-specific noise evaluation demonstrating otherwise, hearing protection shall be worn by every person in the blast zone whenever blasting is in progress.

6.3.4 Where measured or expected levels are at the upper end of the range in 6.3.1, dual hearing protection (earplugs worn under earmuffs) should be used.

6.4 Cryogenic handling

6.4.1 Dry ice at −78.5 °C (−109.3 °F) shall not be allowed to contact bare skin. Media shall be handled with insulated gloves suitable for cryogenic contact, scoops, or equivalent means.

6.4.2 Recently blasted surfaces, chilled machine components, and media-wetted tools shall be treated as cold-contact hazards until they have returned to safe temperature.

6.4.3 Dry ice shall never be placed in a gas-tight sealed container. Storage and transport containers shall be designed or arranged to relieve sublimated gas.

NOTE — A sealed container of dry ice is a pressure vessel without a relief device: sublimation raises internal pressure until the container fails, potentially explosively. The venting requirement of 49 CFR 173.217 for transport packaging reflects the same physics.

6.4.4 Dry ice shall not be stored in occupied vehicle cabs, closed unventilated rooms, or other occupied enclosed spaces without ventilation and, where 6.1.5.1 applies, monitoring.

6.5 Static electricity and hose management

6.5.1 Dry ice blasting generates static charge on equipment, hoses, and the workpiece. Before blasting begins, the blast machine and, where required by the machine manufacturer's instructions or the hazard assessment, the workpiece shall be bonded or grounded, and the integrity of the grounding path shall be verified. Grounding shall be re-verified after any hose or applicator change.

NOTE — The charging is triboelectric: media and entrained particles exchange charge with hose walls, nozzle, and workpiece at high rates of contact and separation. Cold, dry blast air removes the humidity that would otherwise bleed charge away, so accumulation is fastest exactly when blasting conditions are best.

6.5.2 Blasting shall not be performed where a flammable or explosive atmosphere may be present unless the hazard assessment specifically addresses ignition risk and establishes controls, including atmosphere testing and grounding, that make the work safe; where such controls cannot be established, the work shall not proceed.

6.5.3 Hose runs shall be routed and secured to prevent kinking, crushing by vehicles or doors, contact with hot or moving equipment, and trip hazards for other trades.

6.5.4 Pressurized connections shall use couplings with positive mechanical retention, and whip-restraint devices shall be installed at connections where a coupling failure could cause hose whip.

6.5.5 Hoses and connections shall be depressurized before being disconnected.

6.6 Energy isolation (lockout/tagout)

6.6.1 Where blasting is performed on or around machinery or equipment whose unexpected energization, startup, or release of stored energy could injure any person, the equipment shall be isolated and locked out in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.147 and the host employer's energy control program before work begins.

6.6.2 The operator shall verify, before blasting, that required isolations are in place, and shall be trained as an authorized or affected employee, as applicable, under the governing energy control program.

6.6.3 Stored energy — including pneumatic, hydraulic, thermal, gravitational, and residual electrical energy — shall be relieved, restrained, or otherwise rendered safe as part of isolation.

6.6.4 The blasting system itself shall be treated as an energy source under this subclause: charged hoses, the pressurized machine, and the compressed-air supply shall be depressurized and rendered safe before maintenance on the blasting equipment, and 6.5.5 applies.

6.7 Work near energized electrical equipment

6.7.1 The default condition for blasting on or near electrical equipment shall be de-energized and isolated in accordance with 6.6.

6.7.2 The non-conductive character of dry ice media shall not be treated as authorization to blast energized equipment. Moisture condensation, contaminant in the blast stream, hoses, fittings, and the operator's body are all potentially conductive paths.

NOTE — The clean, dry, non-conductive media is the least of the conduction paths present. Blasting chills surfaces below the local dew point, so the process manufactures condensation on and around the very equipment being cleaned; removed contaminant may itself be conductive; and the operator holds a metal-fitted applicator at the end of a bonded system.

6.7.3 Work near exposed energized conductors or circuit parts shall be performed only under the host or contract employer's electrical safety program, consistent with NFPA 70E, by or under the direction of a qualified person (3.25), with approach boundaries, PPE, and permits as that program requires.

6.7.4 Where equipment cannot be de-energized and the electrical safety program does not authorize the work, the work shall not proceed.

6.8 Elevated work

6.8.1 Fall protection shall be provided in accordance with 29 CFR 1910.28 for general industry work at 4 feet (1.2 m) or more above a lower level, and in accordance with 29 CFR 1926.501 for construction work at 6 feet (1.8 m) or more, or the applicable jurisdiction's equivalent.

6.8.2 Planning for blasting from ladders, scaffolds, or aerial lifts shall account for the reaction force of the blast stream, the weight and drag of charged hoses, and reduced dexterity from PPE. Blasting from a ladder should be avoided where a scaffold or lift is practicable.

6.8.3 Hoses used in elevated work shall be secured so that their weight is not carried by the applicator or the operator's grip and so that they cannot drag the operator or dislodge materials.

6.8.4 The area below elevated blasting shall be controlled as part of the blast zone, with dropped-object and falling-debris exposure addressed in the hazard assessment.

7 Equipment and Compressed-Air System Requirements

7.1 Machine condition

7.1.1 Blast machines, applicators, and accessories shall be operated, inspected, and maintained in accordance with the equipment manufacturer's instructions.

7.1.2 The applicator shall have a functioning operator-presence control that stops media discharge when released. Operator-presence controls, interlocks, and other safety devices shall not be bypassed, defeated, or modified.

7.1.3 Equipment with a known defect affecting safety shall be removed from service until repaired.

7.2 Hoses, couplings, and connections

7.2.1 Hoses shall be rated by their manufacturer for the pressures and temperatures of the service and shall be compatible with cold media service where they carry media.

7.2.2 Hoses, couplings, gaskets, and restraints shall be visually inspected before each shift. Cut, crushed, abraded-through, or bulged hose and damaged couplings shall be removed from service.

7.2.3 Coupling retention devices — as specified by the equipment manufacturer or, absent a specification, pins, clips, or equivalent positive retention — and whip restraints per 6.5.4 shall be in place before the system is pressurized.

7.3 Compressed-air supply

7.3.1 The compressed-air supply shall meet the blast machine manufacturer's specified pressure and flow requirements for the machine and the nozzle in use. Operating a machine on a starved air supply shall be corrected, not compensated for by defeating machine settings.

NOTE 1 — Dry ice blasting systems in commercial use operate across a wide band, on the order of 40 to 300 psi blast pressure, with air-flow demand varying widely by machine and nozzle. No single pressure or flow figure applies to all systems; the machine manufacturer's specification governs.

NOTE 2 — The supply that matters is the supply at the machine under flow. Long hose runs, undersized hose, restrictive couplings, and partially closed valves all drop pressure between compressor and machine in proportion to flow, so a static gauge reading taken with the applicator closed can overstate the working supply substantially. Verifying pressure at the machine while blasting is the only reading that reflects the delivered condition.

7.3.2 Supply air shall be clean and dry. Moisture in supply air degrades media, causes media agglomeration and freeze-up in hoses and feeders, and deposits condensate on the substrate.

NOTE — The failure mechanism is thermodynamic, not incidental. The media chills the machine's feed path and the hose interior far below the dew point of untreated compressed air; water vapor in the air then condenses and freezes exactly where media must flow. Ice bridging in the feeder and hose, pellet clumping, and sputtering discharge are the visible symptoms; the corrective control is drier air, not higher pressure.

7.3.3 The air supply shall achieve the pressure dew point specified by the blast machine manufacturer. Where the contract or facility specifies compressed-air quality by class, ISO 8573-1 purity classes may be used to state the requirement.

NOTE — ISO 8573-1:2010 expresses humidity as pressure dew point classes. The classes most relevant to blasting service are: Class 4, pressure dew point no higher than +3 °C; Class 3, no higher than −20 °C; Class 2, no higher than −40 °C; Class 1, no higher than −70 °C. Refrigerated dryers typically achieve Class 4; desiccant dryers are typically required for Class 2 and drier. Machine manufacturers commonly specify low pressure dew points precisely because the media itself chills the air path far below what a refrigerated dryer alone anticipates (see 7.3.2 NOTE).

7.4 Air treatment

7.4.1 Aftercoolers, dryers, filters, and separators shall be provided as necessary to meet 7.3.2 and 7.3.3 under the actual ambient conditions of the job, and condensate shall be drained at the intervals the equipment requires.

7.4.2 Air treatment performance should be re-verified when ambient conditions change materially during a job, particularly in high humidity or cold.

NOTE — Treatment capacity is rated at reference conditions. A hot, saturated summer intake can exceed a dryer's moisture removal capacity even though the same equipment performed adequately in cooler weather; conversely, in freezing ambient conditions, condensate that is not drained becomes ice in traps, drains, and low points of the distribution run.

7.5 Nozzles

7.5.1 The nozzle shall be selected for the work — considering substrate sensitivity, contaminant, geometry, and required coverage — and shall be within the blast machine manufacturer's approved range for the machine and air supply.

7.5.2 Nozzle threads, seats, and wear surfaces shall be inspected before use; a damaged nozzle shall not be used.

7.5.3 The applicator shall never be pointed at any person. Discharge shall occur only when the nozzle is directed at the work.

7.6 Pre-operation inspection

7.6.1 A documented pre-operation inspection shall be completed before blasting begins on each shift, covering at minimum: machine condition, operator-presence control function, hose and coupling condition, restraint devices, grounding provisions, air supply and treatment, monitor readiness where 6.1.5 applies, and PPE availability.

8 Media Requirements

8.1 Quality

8.1.1 Media shall be solid carbon dioxide of a form and size compatible with the blast machine, free of foreign matter.

8.1.2 Where the facility, product, or contract imposes a carbon dioxide quality requirement, media shall be procured to that requirement. CGA G-6.2 quality verification levels may be used to specify carbon dioxide grade; within that specification, quality verification level J applies to carbon dioxide in solid form.

8.2 Storage

8.2.1 Media shall be stored in insulated containers designed for dry ice, arranged to relieve sublimated gas (6.4.3), and staged in ventilated areas.

8.2.2 Storage areas in enclosed occupied spaces shall be evaluated under 6.1, including monitoring where 6.1.5.1 applies.

8.3 Sublimation loss and media condition

8.3.1 Job planning shall account for continuous sublimation loss of media between delivery and use; quantities ordered and staging times shall reflect it.

8.3.2 Fresh, well-stored media should be used; aged or moisture-exposed media degrades blasting performance and feed reliability. Media condition at the start of blasting shall be acceptable for the machine in use.

NOTE — Aging degrades media through two routes: sublimation preferentially rounds and shrinks particles, reducing mass and impact energy; and moisture picked up from air infiltration frosts particle surfaces and promotes clumping in the feed path. Neither is recoverable, which is why planning (8.3.1) rather than salvage is the control.

8.4 Food and pharmaceutical applications

8.4.1 Where blasting is performed on food-contact surfaces or where the facility's food safety or quality program so requires, media shall be of food-grade carbon dioxide quality, and media handling, storage, and transfer shall protect it from contamination.

8.4.2 Work in food, beverage, and pharmaceutical facilities shall conform to the facility's sanitation, hygiene, and quality requirements, including any requirements those programs impose on equipment, dress, and conduct that exceed this standard. Clause 10.2 states the specialized-environment minimums for this work.

8.5 Transport

8.5.1 Transport of dry ice shall comply with applicable transportation regulations. Dry ice is UN 1845, Carbon dioxide, solid, Class 9, and is a regulated dangerous good in air and vessel transport; packagings for regulated transport shall be designed and constructed to permit the release of carbon dioxide gas, consistent with 49 CFR 173.217 and, for air shipments, the IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations (Packing Instruction 954).

8.5.2 Vehicles carrying dry ice shall be ventilated so that sublimated gas does not accumulate in the driver or passenger compartment.

NOTE — United States highway transport of dry ice is not subject to the hazardous materials regulations in the way air and vessel transport are, but the physics rides along regardless: an enclosed vehicle carrying sublimating media is an enclosed space under 6.1, and fatalities have followed from treating it otherwise. Requirement 8.5.2 applies to every vehicle, regulated or not.

9 Operational Requirements

9.1 Pre-job hazard assessment

9.1.1 A written job hazard assessment shall be completed before blasting begins on any job, and shall be reviewed with every member of the crew before their first work on that job.

9.1.2 The assessment shall address, at minimum: the scope of work and substrate; the identity and hazards of the contaminant to be removed; the atmospheric classification and controls required by 6.1; PPE per 6.2; noise per 6.3; energy isolation needs per 6.6; electrical exposure per 6.7; elevated work per 6.8; blast zone boundaries and site control per 9.5; containment and disposal per 9.4; applicability of the specialized-environment requirements of Clause 10; and any facility permits required.

9.1.3 Where the contaminant is or may be a regulated hazardous material (for example lead-based paint, asbestos-containing material, mold in a regulated remediation context, or chemical process residue), the applicable regulations for that contaminant shall be identified in the assessment and complied with; blasting shall not be used to circumvent them. The regulatory interface requirements of 11.4 apply.

9.1.4 The assessment shall be amended when conditions, scope, or methods change materially, and the amendment shall be communicated to the crew before work continues.

9.2 Test-spot protocol

9.2.1 Before production blasting on any substrate not previously validated under equivalent conditions, a test spot (3.30) shall be performed.

9.2.2 The test spot shall be located on a representative, low-consequence area and, where practicable, agreed with the facility owner or their representative.

9.2.3 The test spot shall begin at conservative parameters — the lowest blast pressure and feed rate reasonably expected to clean, at a standoff and traverse rate that limit dwell — and shall escalate incrementally only as the substrate proves tolerant.

9.2.4 The test spot shall be evaluated for both cleaning effect and substrate damage (including erosion, etching, gloss change, delamination, and thermal distortion of thin or brittle sections) before production parameters are set.

NOTE — The escalation discipline follows from Clause 4: because impact energy scales with the square of particle velocity (4.2.2), pressure steps are the most consequential escalation and are taken last; feed rate, standoff, and traverse adjust energy delivery more gently. The substrate damage modes listed correspond to the mechanisms of 4.2 — erosion to kinetic action, distortion and cracking to thermal action, delamination of sound coatings to gas expansion beneath them.

9.2.5 The parameters validated at the test spot, and the result, shall be recorded (9.3).

9.3 Parameter documentation

9.3.1 For each job, the operating parameters in use shall be recorded: blast pressure, media form and feed rate, nozzle identification or type, approximate standoff distance, and any parameter limits imposed by the substrate or the facility.

9.3.2 Material changes to parameters during the job, and the reason, shall be recorded.

9.4 Containment and disposal of removed contaminant

9.4.1 Dry ice blasting removes contaminant from the substrate; it does not destroy it. The media sublimates; the contaminant remains, as settled debris, airborne particulate, or both. Every job shall include a containment and collection plan proportionate to the contaminant's hazard and mobility.

9.4.2 Containment measures — such as sheeting, enclosures, negative-air arrangements with filtration, and drop protection — shall be selected in the hazard assessment and installed before blasting begins.

9.4.3 Removed contaminant and contaminated containment materials shall be collected and disposed of in accordance with applicable environmental regulations and the facility's waste procedures. Waste that is or may be regulated shall be characterized before disposal, and regulated waste shall move only through authorized disposal channels.

9.4.4 No person or company shall represent dry ice blasting as eliminating, neutralizing, or destroying a contaminant.

NOTE — The process's absence of secondary media is an advantage precisely because it leaves the waste stream honest: what is collected is the contaminant itself plus containment materials, in a quantity that can be reconciled against the surface cleaned. A collection shortfall against that reconciliation means the balance went airborne or was tracked out — both containment failures, not accounting curiosities.

9.5 Site control

9.5.1 The blast zone shall be established before blasting, marked or barricaded as the setting requires, and posted or communicated so that persons outside the crew do not enter unprotected while blasting is in progress.

9.5.2 Only persons using the PPE required by 6.2 and 6.3 shall be inside the blast zone during blasting.

9.5.3 Blasting shall stop when an unprotected person enters the blast zone.

9.5.4 Every member of the crew shall have the authority to stop work on identifying a condition they believe unsafe, and work shall not resume until the condition has been resolved. Exercise of this authority in good faith shall not be grounds for reprisal.

9.5.5 Where noise or PPE prevents reliable verbal communication within the blast zone, hand signals or equivalent means shall be established before blasting and included in the crew review of 9.1.1.

9.6 Post-job closeout

9.6.1 On completion, the work area shall be inspected: containment removed and disposed per 9.4.3, debris collected, and the area left in the condition required by the facility.

9.6.2 Energy isolations shall be removed only by the persons and procedure the governing energy control program requires.

9.6.3 The job record (Clause 12) shall be completed before the job is closed.

10 Specialized Environment Requirements

10.1 General

10.1.1 This clause states minimum requirements for categories of work setting in which the baseline requirements of Clauses 6 through 9, while fully applicable, are not by themselves sufficient. For work in a specialized environment, the requirements of this clause apply in addition to, never in place of, Clauses 6 through 9.

10.1.2 Where a host facility's program imposes requirements more stringent than this clause, the facility's requirements govern (1.3.2 applies to conflicts with law; this subclause applies the same rule to facility programs).

10.1.3 The DIB-2 certification (5.3) examines the body of knowledge for the environments of this clause. Holding DIB-2 does not exempt any person from the site-specific training, escort, badging, or qualification requirements of any facility.

10.2 Food, beverage, and pharmaceutical facilities

10.2.1 Media for blasting on food-contact surfaces shall meet 8.4.1. Media handling within the facility shall conform to the facility's ingredient- and material-handling rules.

10.2.2 Work shall be scheduled and physically arranged so that removed contaminant, condensate, and blast air cannot reach exposed product, packaging, or product-contact surfaces beyond the work area. Where the facility operates zoning (production versus non-production areas, hygiene zones), blast work shall respect the zoning and the facility's cleaning-validation and sanitation-verification procedures shall govern release of the cleaned equipment back to production.

10.2.3 Equipment, hoses, and PPE brought into hygiene-controlled areas shall be clean on entry, shall conform to the facility's rules on materials (for example, controls on loose fasteners, glass, and brittle plastics), and shall be dedicated or verifiably cleaned where the facility's allergen or pathogen programs so require.

10.2.4 The atmospheric requirements of 6.1 apply with particular force in this environment: production areas are commonly enclosed, washdown-tight, and densely occupied, and carbon dioxide from blasting accumulates in drains, pits, and low process areas. Coordination with the facility shall address ventilation status during the work window, including any sanitation-shift reduction of HVAC operation.

NOTE — In facilities subject to 21 CFR Part 117, the facility's food safety plan and its preventive controls define the sanitation and protection duties into which blast work must fit; the blasting contractor performs within that plan, not beside it.

10.3 Electrical equipment and disaster restoration

10.3.1 Blasting on or near electrical equipment shall conform to 6.7 in full. In restoration settings, the age, condition, and documentation of electrical systems shall be treated as unknown until verified, and circuits shall be presumed energized until isolation is verified under 6.6.

10.3.2 In fire and smoke restoration, the hazard assessment shall address: structural integrity of fire-damaged elements before loading them with workers, equipment, and hose drag; the composition of combustion residues, which may include hazardous constituents from burned building materials; and containment and collection of removed residue under 9.4.

10.3.3 In mold remediation, blasting shall be performed within the containment, pressure-differential, and clearance framework the remediation design establishes, and removed material shall be treated as contaminated waste under 9.4. Blasting shall not be represented as killing or neutralizing mold (9.4.4); it removes colonized material and surface growth.

NOTE — ANSI/IICRC S520 (mold remediation) and ANSI/IICRC S700 (fire and smoke damage restoration) describe the professional frameworks within which restoration blasting is typically performed. Where a project is governed by those frameworks, dry ice blasting is a removal method inside them, and the remediation design's containment and verification provisions control.

10.3.4 Restoration work frequently occurs in unoccupied, unpowered, or partially closed structures; the atmospheric provisions of 6.1 apply, and mechanical ventilation shall be provided where building systems are out of service and the assessment identifies accumulation potential.

10.4 Marine and transportation environments

10.4.1 Work aboard vessels shall comply with the applicable provisions of 29 CFR Part 1915, including Subpart B (Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment) where it applies. Entry into and work within vessel tanks, voids, cofferdams, and similar spaces shall proceed only under the testing and inspection regime of that subpart, including evaluation by a designated competent person and, where the conditions or the governing rules so require, a Marine Chemist or other authorized professional.

10.4.2 Vessel spaces below the weather deck shall be treated as carbon dioxide accumulation zones under 6.1.7. Blasting in such a space, or staging media in one, shall be covered by continuous carbon dioxide monitoring under 6.1.5 and by mechanical ventilation arranged with regard to the geometry of the space.

10.4.3 Work aboard a vessel or within a transportation facility shall be coordinated with the authority in control of the vessel or facility — master, owner's representative, or facility operations — including notification of blasting, of compressed-air and electrical connections to the vessel or facility, and of any effect on other trades working aboard.

10.4.4 In rolling-stock, aircraft, and vehicle-fleet work, the hazard assessment shall address the substrate risks of thin skins, composite panels, and bonded structures (4.2.3 NOTE), and the test-spot protocol of 9.2 shall be applied per material system, not merely per job.

10.5 Power generation and utilities

10.5.1 Work in generation, transmission, and distribution settings shall be performed under the host utility's safety rules, switching and clearance procedures, and permit systems, in addition to 6.6 and 6.7. A clearance or permit issued by the utility's authority shall be in place before work on or adjacent to any equipment capable of being energized, and the boundaries of the clearance shall be walked and confirmed with the crew.

10.5.2 Blasting on generator windings, switchgear, transformers, and comparable high-value electrical apparatus shall proceed only with the equipment owner's technical concurrence on method and parameters, and the test-spot protocol of 9.2 shall be applied to insulation systems and coatings before production blasting.

10.5.3 The hazard assessment shall address the utility environment's characteristic exposures: stored energy in multiple forms (6.6.3), elevated and confined work locations, induced voltage near energized circuits, and the operational consequence of debris or media entering equipment not part of the work scope.

10.6 Industrial shutdowns and turnarounds

10.6.1 Work during a turnaround (3.32) shall be integrated into the facility's permit-to-work system — including hot work, confined-space, and line-break permitting as applicable — and into its simultaneous-operations coordination, so that blasting neither creates nor encounters an uncontrolled interaction with adjacent work.

10.6.2 In facilities subject to 29 CFR 1910.119, the contract employer duties of that standard apply to the blasting contractor, including ensuring that each employee is trained in the work practices necessary to perform the job safely and is informed of the known potential process hazards and the facility's applicable safe work practices.

10.6.3 Process equipment shall be confirmed cleared, isolated, and released for work by the facility's procedure before blasting begins. Residues in supposedly empty equipment shall be treated as the contaminant identity question of 9.1.2 with the presumption of hazard until the facility's release documentation says otherwise.

10.6.4 Turnaround scheduling pressure shall not compress the requirements of this standard. Where compressed schedules extend working hours, the employer shall address fatigue in work planning for safety-critical tasks, including atmosphere-monitored work under 6.1.

10.7 Historic and architectural restoration

10.7.1 On historic fabric, the governing principle shall be the least aggressive effective treatment. The test spot of 9.2 is mandatory on every material system, shall begin at the gentlest parameters the equipment can deliver, and shall be evaluated before any escalation; where the gentlest effective parameters still damage the substrate, dry ice blasting shall not be used on that material.

10.7.2 Where the property is subject to preservation oversight — landmark designation, listing, easement, grant conditions, or review by a preservation authority — the treatment approach, test-spot locations, and acceptance criteria shall be agreed with the responsible authority before work begins, and approvals shall be retained in the job record (Clause 12).

10.7.3 Work on historic masonry, wood, and decorative finishes shall account for the irreversibility of substrate loss: patina, tooling marks, glazes, and weathered surfaces, once removed, cannot be restored. Cleaning objectives shall be defined as the removal of the specified contaminant, not the achievement of a uniform new-looking surface.

NOTE 1 — The National Park Service's Preservation Brief 6 documents the damage history of abrasive cleaning on historic buildings and the caution with which any abrasive method, however gentle, must be approached on historic fabric. The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (36 CFR Part 68) provide the treatment framework — preservation, rehabilitation, restoration, reconstruction — within which cleaning decisions on qualifying properties are made.

NOTE 2 — Dry ice blasting's absence of embedded grit, water, and chemicals makes it a candidate method on some historic substrates where sand and water methods are categorically inappropriate. Candidacy is not clearance: the test-spot discipline of 10.7.1 is the clearance, one material at a time.

11 Regulatory Interface Requirements

11.1 Employer duties

11.1.1 Employers engaged in dry ice blasting hold their statutory and regulatory duties independently of this standard, including the duty under section 5(a)(1) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 to furnish employment and a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm, and the duties of every OSHA standard applicable to the work. Nothing in this standard, and no credential issued under it, transfers, discharges, or dilutes any such duty.

11.1.2 The employer shall determine which regulatory training duties apply to each employee's actual work — including, as applicable, hazard communication, respiratory protection, hearing conservation, energy control, confined spaces, powered industrial trucks, and fall protection — and shall deliver or procure that training in the manner the applicable standard requires. Certification under this standard shall not be recorded, represented, or relied upon as that training.

11.2 Non-substitution

11.2.1 No certification, module, or examination under this standard is, or shall be represented as:

a) an OSHA Outreach Training Program course or card. Outreach 10-hour and 30-hour cards are issued only through trainers authorized under the U.S. Department of Labor's Outreach Training Program; that program is voluntary and, by OSHA's own statement, does not itself satisfy the training requirements of any OSHA standard. This standard's "OSHA 10-Hour Aligned" modules (11.3.2) are curriculum-aligned instruction, not Outreach training, and confer no card; b) HAZWOPER training under 29 CFR 1910.120. Training under that standard — including the 40-hour and 24-hour initial regimes, supervised field experience, and the 8-hour annual refresher — is an employer duty tied to the employee's actual hazardous-waste-operations role and can be met only as that standard provides. This standard's "HAZWOPER-Aligned" module (11.3.3) is awareness-level instruction in the subject matter, not 1910.120 training; c) certification under the EPA Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting rule (40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E), asbestos training under 29 CFR 1910.1001 or 29 CFR 1926.1101, lead-exposure training under 29 CFR 1910.1025 or 29 CFR 1926.62, or qualification under any electrical safety program (6.7.3); d) a license, competent-person designation, qualified-person designation, or authorization of any kind under any statute, regulation, or facility program.

11.2.2 A certificant, employer, or training provider who represents a credential under this standard contrary to 11.2.1 is subject to revocation under 13.6.

11.3 Curriculum alignment

11.3.1 "Aligned," as used in this standard's module titles and marketing, means only that the module's instructional content addresses the topic areas of the named external curriculum. Alignment is a statement about subject matter, not about equivalence, accreditation, authorization, or regulatory effect.

11.3.2 The DIB-1 module "General Industry Safety Essentials (OSHA 10-Hour Aligned)" and the DIB-3 module "General Industry Safety Mastery (OSHA 10-Hour Aligned)" address the mandatory topic areas of the OSHA 10-hour general industry outreach curriculum — introduction to OSHA and worker rights, walking and working surfaces including fall protection, exit routes and emergency action and fire prevention plans, electrical safety, personal protective equipment, and hazard communication — as those topics bear on dry ice blasting work.

11.3.3 The DIB-3 module "Hazardous Waste Operations Awareness (HAZWOPER-Aligned)" addresses, at awareness level, the structure and vocabulary of 29 CFR 1910.120: site characterization, the training tiers and their applicability, medical surveillance, decontamination, and the interface between a blasting contractor and a HAZWOPER-governed site. Completion of the module does not qualify any person to work within a hazardous waste operation.

11.3.4 The DIB-3 modules "Air Quality Districts & Environmental Compliance" and "Regulatory Readiness, Inspections & Audits" prepare certificants to identify and route the duties of 11.4 and 11.5 and to present the records of Clause 12 in inspection and audit settings. They confer no environmental permit, registration, or agency standing.

11.4 Contaminant-specific regulatory regimes

11.4.1 Where blasting will or may disturb lead-containing coatings: in general industry, 29 CFR 1910.1025 applies; in construction work, 29 CFR 1926.62 applies; and in pre-1978 target housing and child-occupied facilities, the EPA Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting rule (40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E) additionally requires that the work be performed by a certified firm using certified renovators trained by accredited providers. Blasting shall not begin until the governing regime has been identified in the hazard assessment (9.1.3) and its firm, personnel, work-practice, and clearance requirements are in place.

11.4.2 Where blasting will or may disturb asbestos-containing material, 29 CFR 1910.1001 or 29 CFR 1926.1101 applies according to the nature of the work. Dry ice blasting of friable or suspect asbestos-containing material outside a fully governed asbestos abatement framework shall not be performed.

11.4.3 Where the contaminant is a chemical process residue, the facility's process safety information and the release documentation of 10.6.3 shall establish its identity and hazards before blasting; unidentified residue shall be presumed hazardous.

11.4.4 Where removed contaminant is or may be a regulated waste, 9.4.3 applies; characterization precedes disposal, and transport and disposal move only through channels authorized for that waste class.

11.5 Environmental and air-quality duty of care

11.5.1 Operations shall prevent, so far as the selected containment can achieve, the migration of removed contaminant beyond the work area as dust, and shall address in the hazard assessment any state or local requirements governing fugitive dust, visible emissions, or outdoor abrasive-cleaning operations at the work location.

11.5.2 Where portable engines or portable compressors are used, the operator shall identify and comply with any registration or permitting requirements the state or local air authority imposes on such equipment.

11.5.3 Discharges to drains, soil, or water of contaminant-laden condensate or debris shall be prevented; collection under 9.4 shall be arranged so that no rinse-free advantage of the process is converted into an uncontrolled release.

12 Documentation System Requirements

12.1 Job record

12.1.1 A record shall be created for each dry ice blasting job and shall contain, at minimum:

a) date(s) and location of the work, and identification of the facility or client; b) the personnel who performed the work and, for certificants, their certificate identifiers; c) the written hazard assessment (9.1) and any amendments; d) atmospheric monitoring records where monitoring was required (6.1.5), including instrument identification and alarm events; e) monitor calibration or function-check status for the instruments used (6.1.5.3); f) the pre-operation inspection record (7.6); g) test-spot location, parameters, and result (9.2); h) operating parameters and changes (9.3); i) containment and disposal measures used, and disposition of removed contaminant (9.4), including waste characterization records where 9.4.3 required them; j) permits, clearances, and approvals obtained for the work, including those of Clauses 10 and 11 where applicable; k) any incident, near miss, alarm, or stop-work event, and the response.

12.1.2 Records shall be legible, attributable to the person who made them, and made at or near the time of the events they record. Corrections shall preserve the original entry.

12.2 Retention

12.2.1 Job records shall be retained for a minimum of three years, or longer where law, regulation, or contract requires.

12.3 Availability

12.3.1 Job records shall be made available on request to the facility owner or client for their own jobs, and to the certifying body where relevant to an investigation under 13.6 or an appeal under 13.7.

13 Certification Scheme Governance

13.1 The certifying body

13.1.1 The certification scheme defined by this standard is administered by Revex Engineered Revenue LLC as certifying body (3.8). The certifying body shall administer the scheme impartially: certification decisions shall be based solely on satisfaction of the published requirements of this standard and Annex A, and no commercial relationship with the certifying body or any other party shall be a condition of, or a substitute for, meeting them.

NOTE — The governance provisions of this clause — eligibility, examination integrity, registry, renewal, revocation, appeals, and complaints — are drawn with regard to the principles for bodies certifying persons expressed in ISO/IEC 17024. This standard does not claim accreditation to that document.

13.2 Eligibility and enrollment

13.2.1 Candidacy at each level shall require: enrollment under the candidate's own legal name; satisfaction of the prerequisites of 5.5; and the candidate's agreement to the examination integrity conditions of 13.3.

13.2.2 A candidate may request reasonable accommodation in examination administration. The certifying body shall grant accommodations that do not compromise the validity of the examination, and shall record the accommodation granted.

13.3 Examination integrity

13.3.1 Certification at each level shall be granted only to a named individual who has passed the examination for that level under the conditions of this subclause and Annex A, and who has met the prerequisites of 5.5.

13.3.2 Examinations shall be administered under controlled conditions that include: identity binding of the candidate's enrolled name to the certificate; a candidate integrity attestation; randomized question selection from a secured item bank against a fixed domain blueprint (Annex A); randomized answer ordering; enforced time limits; and logging of attempts.

13.3.3 A candidate who fails three attempts at an examination shall be subject to a cooldown period of seven days before further attempts.

13.3.4 Examination content shall be treated as confidential by candidates. Reproducing, distributing, or soliciting examination content is grounds for denial or revocation under 13.6.

13.3.5 The certifying body shall maintain the item banks under access control, shall monitor item performance, and shall retire or revise items that are compromised, defective, or obsolete. Blueprint quotas (Annex A) shall be maintained through such revisions.

13.4 Issuance and registry

13.4.1 Each certificate shall state the certificant's name, the credential and level, the words "Certified to RDS-1:2026," a unique certificate identifier, the issue date, and the expiration date.

13.4.2 Certification is personal to the certificant and is not transferable to any other person or to any employer.

13.4.3 The certifying body shall maintain a public registry through which any party can verify a certificate by its identifier, showing the certificant's name, identity photograph, credential, status (active, expired, or revoked), issue date, expiration date, and the certificate's document security code for anti-forgery verification, and no other personal information.

13.4.4 A certificate whose registry status is not active shall not be represented as a current certification.

13.5 Term and renewal

13.5.1 Certifications issued under this standard are valid for three years from the date of issue.

13.5.2 Renewal shall require completion of the then-current renewal content, which addresses changes to this standard and to referenced regulatory requirements since issuance, and a passing score on the renewal examination.

13.5.3 A certification not renewed by its expiration date shall lapse to expired status in the registry. An expired certification shall not be represented as current.

13.5.4 The renewal window opens 90 days before expiration. Renewal completed within the window takes effect from the expiration date, and the renewed certification retains its registry identifier with new validity dates. Renewal remains available until 90 days after expiration; beyond that point the certification shall not be renewed, and requalification requires the full examination for the level at the standard fee.

13.6 Suspension and revocation

13.6.1 The certifying body may suspend a certification, with written notice to the certificant, while it investigates conduct that would be grounds for revocation. A suspended certification shall be shown as not active in the registry for the duration of the suspension.

13.6.2 The certifying body shall revoke a certification, at any point in its term, on any of the following grounds:

a) fraud or misrepresentation in enrollment or examination, including impersonation or assistance; b) violation of examination confidentiality (13.3.4); c) falsification of records required by this standard; d) misrepresentation of the credential's scope contrary to 1.5.2, 5.6, or 11.2, not corrected after notice; e) allowing another person to use the certificant's credential or certificate identifier.

13.6.3 Before revocation on grounds the certificant disputes, the certificant shall be given written notice of the grounds and a reasonable opportunity to respond.

13.6.4 On revocation, the registry status shall be set to revoked. A person whose certification is revoked for cause under 13.6.2 a), b), c), or e) shall be ineligible for certification at any level for a period the certifying body determines, of not less than one year.

13.6.5 A revoked certificate shall not be displayed or represented as valid in any form.

13.7 Appeals

13.7.1 A candidate or certificant may appeal any of the following decisions of the certifying body: denial of eligibility; a finding of examination misconduct; refusal to issue or renew a certification; suspension; and revocation. Disagreement with an examination score alone, absent a claimed defect in administration or grading, is not an appealable decision.

13.7.2 An appeal shall be submitted in writing to the certifying body within thirty days of the appellant's notice of the decision, and shall state the decision appealed and the grounds.

13.7.3 The appeal shall be reviewed by a person who was not involved in the decision under appeal. The reviewer may request further information from the appellant and from the records of the certifying body, and shall consider the appeal on its merits.

13.7.4 The certifying body shall issue a written appeal decision within sixty days of receiving the appeal, stating the outcome — affirmed, reversed, or modified — and the reasons. The written decision concludes the certifying body's internal process.

13.7.5 The status of the certification in the registry during the appeal remains as the underlying decision set it, unless the certifying body determines otherwise in a particular case.

13.7.6 Submitting an appeal in good faith shall not itself be treated adversely in any current or future dealing of the appellant with the certifying body.

13.8 Complaints

13.8.1 Any party may submit to the certifying body a complaint concerning a certificant's representation or use of a credential, the conduct of an examination, or the operation of the scheme. Complaints shall be recorded, assessed, investigated where warranted, and answered to the complainant where the complainant is identified; where a complaint substantiates grounds under 13.6.2, the processes of 13.6 apply.

Annex A (normative) — Examination Blueprints

A.1 General

A.1.1 This annex specifies the examination blueprints for the certification levels of Clause 5. Examinations administered under this standard shall conform to this annex; the certifying body may publish editorial refinements of blueprint presentation, but the draws, per-domain quotas, time limits, and pass thresholds of this annex are normative.

A.1.2 Every examination attempt shall be drawn at random from a secured item bank meeting the minimum per-domain bank sizes of this annex, against the fixed per-domain question quotas of this annex, with answer order randomized per attempt.

A.1.3 The passing score for every examination and every module quiz is 80 percent. Module quizzes contain 10 questions each and gate progression through the course preceding each examination. Three failed examination attempts trigger a cooldown of seven days before further attempts (13.3.3). Certifications issued on passing are valid for three years (13.5.1).

A.2 DIB-1 — Certified Dry Ice Blasting Technician

80 questions drawn per attempt · 120-minute time limit · pass at 80 percent · item bank of at least 298 questions across the domain minimums below.

The two life-safety domains (atmosphere; site and personal safety) carry a fixed 18 of 80 questions on every attempt; with the general-safety domain, safety content carries 23 of 80.

A.3 DIB-2 — Certified Advanced Technician — Specialized Environments

60 questions drawn per attempt · 100-minute time limit · pass at 80 percent · item bank of at least 152 questions across the domain minimums below. Scenario-based items predominate.

A.4 DIB-3 — Master Dry Ice Blasting Professional

80 questions drawn per attempt · 130-minute time limit · pass at 80 percent · item bank of at least 260 questions across the domain minimums below, including multi-part scenario sets.

A.5 Administration

Candidates attempt examinations under the integrity conditions of 13.3. Certificates issue on a passing score, subject to the prerequisites of 5.5, and appear immediately in the public registry (13.4). The regulatory-boundary provisions of 11.2 and 11.3 apply to every representation of the "OSHA 10-Hour Aligned" and "HAZWOPER-Aligned" domains above.

Annex B (informative) — Competency Matrix

This annex summarizes the intended progression of competency across the certification ladder. Three attainment levels are used. Awareness: can recognize the subject, its vocabulary, and when to escalate to someone qualified. Proficient: can apply the subject correctly in ordinary work under the governing program. Mastery: can plan, justify, teach, and audit the subject, and own its outcomes. A dash (—) indicates the area is not examined at that level.

Annex C (informative) — Bibliography and Reference Citations

Undated references are to the latest edition of the document cited.

C.1 United States statutes and regulations

• Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, § 5(a)(1), 29 U.S.C. 654(a)(1) (the General Duty Clause).
• 29 CFR 1910.28, Duty to have fall protection and falling object protection.
• 29 CFR 1910.95, Occupational noise exposure.
• 29 CFR 1910.119, Process safety management of highly hazardous chemicals.
• 29 CFR 1910.120, Hazardous waste operations and emergency response.
• 29 CFR 1910.132, General requirements (personal protective equipment); 1910.133, Eye and face protection; 1910.134, Respiratory protection; 1910.135, Head protection; 1910.138, Hand protection.
• 29 CFR 1910.146, Permit-required confined spaces.
• 29 CFR 1910.147, The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout).
• 29 CFR 1910.1000, Air contaminants, Table Z-1.
• 29 CFR 1910.1001, Asbestos; 29 CFR 1926.1101, Asbestos (construction).
• 29 CFR 1910.1025, Lead; 29 CFR 1926.62, Lead (construction).
• 29 CFR 1926.501, Duty to have fall protection (construction).
• 29 CFR Part 1915, Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Shipyard Employment, Subpart B, Confined and Enclosed Spaces and Other Dangerous Atmospheres in Shipyard Employment; 29 CFR 1915.7, Competent person.
• 21 CFR Part 117, Current Good Manufacturing Practice, Hazard Analysis, and Risk-Based Preventive Controls for Human Food.
• 36 CFR Part 68, The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties.
• 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart E, Residential Property Renovation (Lead Renovation, Repair, and Painting rule).
• 49 CFR 173.217, Carbon dioxide, solid (dry ice).

C.2 United States government publications

• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 2005-149. Cincinnati, OH. (Carbon dioxide entry: REL TWA 5,000 ppm, ST 30,000 ppm; IDLH 40,000 ppm.)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant: Examining the Risks. Washington, DC, 2000.
• National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Preservation Brief 6: Dangers of Abrasive Cleaning to Historic Buildings. Washington, DC, 1979.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Outreach Training Program — program requirements and procedures, U.S. Department of Labor. (Program status: voluntary; completion cards issued through authorized trainers; not a substitute for standard-specific training.)

C.3 Consensus and industry standards

• ACGIH. TLVs and BEIs — Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, published annually.
• ANSI/ISEA Z87.1-2020, American National Standard for Occupational and Educational Personal Eye and Face Protection Devices.
• ANSI/IICRC S520-2024, Standard for Professional Mold Remediation, Fourth Edition.
• ANSI/IICRC S700-2025, Standard for Professional Fire and Smoke Damage Restoration, First Edition.
• CGA G-6, Carbon Dioxide. Compressed Gas Association, McLean, VA.
• CGA G-6.2-2025, Commodity Specification for Carbon Dioxide, Seventh Edition. Compressed Gas Association, McLean, VA.
• International Air Transport Association. Dangerous Goods Regulations, published annually; Packing Instruction 954 (UN 1845, Carbon dioxide, solid).
• ISO 8573-1:2010, Compressed air — Part 1: Contaminants and purity classes. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
• ISO/IEC 17024, Conformity assessment — General requirements for bodies operating certification of persons. International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva.
• NFPA 70E-2024, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.
• NFPA 306, Standard for the Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, MA.

Annex D (informative) — Terms Cross-Reference

This annex maps the defined terms of Clause 3 to the clauses where they principally operate, with common field synonyms. Field synonyms are given for recognition only; the defined term governs in this standard and in examinations.

End of RDS-1:2026, First Edition.